Pierson, FL Natural Disasters and Weather Extremes
The chance of earthquake damage in Pierson is about the same as Florida average and is much lower than the national average. The risk of tornado damage in Pierson is lower than Florida average and is higher than the national average.
Earthquake Index, #158
Pierson, FL | 0.01 |
Florida | 0.01 |
U.S. | 1.81 |
The earthquake index value is calculated based on historical earthquake events data using USA.com algorithms. It is an indicator of the earthquake level in a region. A higher earthquake index value means a higher chance of an earthquake.
Volcano Index, #1
Pierson, FL | 0.0000 |
Florida | 0.0000 |
U.S. | 0.0023 |
The volcano index value is calculated based on the currently known volcanoes using USA.com algorithms. It is an indicator of the possibility of a region being affected by a possible volcano eruption. A higher volcano index value means a higher chance of being affected.
Tornado Index, #521
Pierson, FL | 174.84 |
Florida | 185.89 |
U.S. | 136.45 |
The tornado index value is calculated based on historical tornado events data using USA.com algorithms. It is an indicator of the tornado level in a region. A higher tornado index value means a higher chance of tornado events.
Other Weather Extremes Events
A total of 2,276 other weather extremes events within 50 miles of Pierson, FL were recorded from 1950 to 2010. The following is a break down of these events:
Type | Count | Type | Count | Type | Count | Type | Count | Type | Count |
Avalanche: | 0 | Blizzard: | 0 | Cold: | 1 | Dense Fog: | 0 | Drought: | 0 |
Dust Storm: | 0 | Flood: | 75 | Hail: | 652 | Heat: | 1 | Heavy Snow: | 0 |
High Surf: | 0 | Hurricane: | 1 | Ice Storm: | 0 | Landslide: | 0 | Strong Wind: | 6 |
Thunderstorm Winds: | 1,112 | Tropical Storm: | 0 | Wildfire: | 40 | Winter Storm: | 0 | Winter Weather: | 0 |
Other: | 388 |
Volcanos Nearby
No volcano is found in or near Pierson, FL.
Historical Earthquake Events
No historical earthquake events that had recorded magnitudes of 3.5 or above found in or near Pierson, FL.
No historical earthquake events found in or near Pierson, FL.
Historical Tornado Events
A total of 57 historical tornado events that had recorded magnitude of 2 or above found in or near Pierson, FL.
Distance (miles) | Date | Magnitude | Start Lat/Log | End Lat/Log | Length | Width | Fatalities | Injuries | Property Damage | Crop Damage | Affected County |
12.1 | 1972-08-22 | 2 | 29°08'N / 81°18'W | 1.00 Mile | 50 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Volusia | |
15.3 | 1972-05-20 | 2 | 29°04'N / 81°18'W | 1.00 Mile | 23 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Volusia | |
17.3 | 2006-12-25 | 2 | 29°01'N / 81°18'W | 29°04'N / 81°16'W | 3.00 Miles | 50 Yards | 0 | 5 | 2.5M | 0K | Volusia |
Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: An F2 tornado touched down just west of North Stone Street in Deland and moved northeast crossing Highway 17. It moved across the Fernwood mobile home community and continued northeast over Meadowlea Estates mobile home community. It lifted just north of Carter Road. Fifty two residences were destroyed and 162 were damaged. Five people were seriously injured. EPISODE NARRATIVE: On December 24th an area of surface low pressure developed in the Gulf of Mexico as a result of a strong upper level trough and an associated powerful branch of the subtropical jet. As this low pressure system moved into Florida, a squall line developed over the eastern Gulf of Mexico and then moved rapidly into Florida . The squall line spawned severe thunderstorms and tornadoes moving east and northeast at around 50 MPH. | |||||||||||
18.2 | 2007-02-02 | 3 | 28°57'N / 81°35'W | 29°00'N / 81°22'W | 13.00 Miles | 400 Yards | 13 | 9 | 46.0M | 0K | Lake |
Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: The mesocyclone that produced the Lady Lake tornado reintensified and produced a second F3 tornado in a rural area west southwest of Paisley. The tornado move east northeast at over 50 MPH toward the Lake Mack area just west of the St. Johns river. The tornado produced a quarter mile wide track across the Lake Mack area destroying 86 residences and damaging 144. Many mobile homes were completely destroyed. Thirteen people died in mobile homes. EPISODE NARRATIVE: A series of powerful tornadoes swept across Sumter, Lake and Volusia counties during the early morning hours of February 2, 2007. A discontinuous swath of tornado damage was observed from near Wildwood in Sumter County to the town of Lady Lake (Lake County) to New Smyrna Beach (Volusia County). This was a distance of over 70 miles. A total of 21 fatalities occurred within Lake County. Central Florida was located in the warm sector ahead of an advancing cold front. Large scale lift was supported by a very strong jet aloft, with strong vertical shear. Instability increased overnight with temperatures and dew points increasing through the pre-dawn hours. A single long-tracked supercell thunderstorm traveled from Sumter County to the coastal waters of Volusia County during the early morning hours of February 2, 2007. Three tornadoes touched down along this track. | |||||||||||
19.5 | 2007-02-02 | 3 | 29°00'N / 81°22'W | 29°02'N / 81°09'W | 13.00 Miles | 450 Yards | 0 | 42 | 52.0M | 0K | Volusia |
Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: The tornado that killed 13 people in the Lake Mack area of Lake County moved east across the St. Johns River, crossed into Volusia county at Lake Beresford and moved across Deland as an F3 tornado. It was still moving east northeast at 50 MPH as it damaged 277 and destroyed 106 residences in the Deland area. The tornado finally lifted about eight miles east of Deland along Highway 44. There were no fatalities in Volusia County but 42 people were injured. EPISODE NARRATIVE: A series of powerful tornadoes swept across Sumter, Lake and Volusia counties during the early morning hours of February 2, 2007. A discontinuous swath of tornado damage was observed from near Wildwood in Sumter County to the town of Lady Lake (Lake County) to New Smyrna Beach (Volusia County). This was a distance of over 70 miles. A total of 21 fatalities occurred within Lake County. Central Florida was located in the warm sector ahead of an advancing cold front. Large scale lift was supported by a very strong jet aloft, with strong vertical shear. Instability increased overnight with temperatures and dew points increasing through the pre-dawn hours. A single long-tracked supercell thunderstorm traveled from Sumter County to the coastal waters of Volusia County during the early morning hours of February 2, 2007. Three tornadoes touched down along this track. | |||||||||||
19.5 | 2007-02-02 | 3 | 29°00'N / 81°22'W | 29°02'N / 81°09'W | 13.00 Miles | 450 Yards | 0 | 42 | 52.0M | 0K | Volusia |
Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: The tornado that killed 13 people in the Lake Mack area of Lake County moved east across the St. Johns River, crossed into Volusia county at Lake Beresford and moved across Deland as an F3 tornado. It was still moving east northeast at 50 MPH as it damaged 277 and destroyed 106 residences in the Deland area. The tornado finally lifted about eight miles east of Deland along Highway 44. There were no fatalities in Volusia County but 42 people were injured. EPISODE NARRATIVE: A series of powerful tornadoes swept across Sumter, Lake and Volusia counties during the early morning hours of February 2, 2007. A discontinuous swath of tornado damage was observed from near Wildwood in Sumter County to the town of Lady Lake (Lake County) to New Smyrna Beach (Volusia County). This was a distance of over 70 miles. A total of 21 fatalities occurred within Lake County. Central Florida was located in the warm sector ahead of an advancing cold front. Large scale lift was supported by a very strong jet aloft, with strong vertical shear. Instability increased overnight with temperatures and dew points increasing through the pre-dawn hours. A single long-tracked supercell thunderstorm traveled from Sumter County to the coastal waters of Volusia County during the early morning hours of February 2, 2007. Three tornadoes touched down along this track. | |||||||||||
19.6 | 1970-07-05 | 2 | 29°28'N / 81°16'W | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Flagler | |||
23.4 | 1962-11-21 | 2 | 29°10'N / 81°52'W | 29°11'N / 81°49'W | 3.60 Miles | 70 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Marion |
24.0 | 1998-02-22 | 2 | 29°10'N / 81°06'W | 29°13'N / 81°02'W | 8.00 Miles | 150 Yards | 1 | 3 | 4.0M | 0 | Volusia |
Brief Description: The first tornado in a major tornado outbreak set down along Route 92 about 5 miles southwest of Daytona Beach. The category F2 tornado moved about 8 miles to the northeast passing over the junction of Interstate 95 and Interstate 4 and finally lifted in the south part of Daytona Beach west of the Intracoastal Waterway. Six hundred structures were damaged or destroyed. One person was killed in a mobile home and three others were injured. M41MH | |||||||||||
25.9 | 1968-08-30 | 2 | 29°17'N / 81°02'W | 2.00 Miles | 127 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Volusia | |
26.6 | 1971-08-27 | 2 | 29°01'N / 81°06'W | 0.30 Mile | 50 Yards | 0 | 1 | 3K | 0 | Volusia | |
26.6 | 1983-11-20 | 2 | 29°17'N / 81°03'W | 29°19'N / 81°00'W | 3.00 Miles | 50 Yards | 0 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Volusia |
26.8 | 1983-11-20 | 2 | 29°28'N / 81°08'W | 29°29'N / 81°05'W | 3.00 Miles | 50 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Flagler |
27.9 | 1979-09-03 | 2 | 29°12'N / 81°00'W | 0.10 Mile | 30 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Volusia | |
29.7 | 1979-09-03 | 2 | 29°08'N / 80°59'W | 0.10 Mile | 30 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Volusia | |
30.1 | 1977-12-05 | 2 | 29°38'N / 81°42'W | 29°40'N / 81°33'W | 9.40 Miles | 40 Yards | 1 | 10 | 250K | 0 | Putnam |
30.6 | 1987-04-15 | 2 | 28°48'N / 81°38'W | 28°50'N / 81°36'W | 3.00 Miles | 100 Yards | 1 | 7 | 2.5M | 0 | Lake |
30.7 | 1972-07-05 | 2 | 28°50'N / 81°15'W | 0.30 Mile | 50 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Seminole | |
31.0 | 1973-04-04 | 2 | 29°40'N / 81°33'W | 29°42'N / 81°30'W | 4.10 Miles | 67 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | St. Johns |
31.2 | 1967-05-22 | 2 | 29°37'N / 81°50'W | 29°40'N / 81°33'W | 17.40 Miles | 20 Yards | 0 | 2 | 25K | 0 | Putnam |
32.0 | 1950-03-16 | 2 | 29°39'N / 81°13'W | 1.50 Miles | 150 Yards | 0 | 0 | 3K | 0 | St. Johns | |
32.5 | 1982-04-08 | 2 | 28°48'N / 81°16'W | 28°49'N / 81°13'W | 3.00 Miles | 50 Yards | 0 | 10 | 250K | 0 | Seminole |
32.8 | 1966-08-23 | 2 | 28°48'N / 81°15'W | 0 | 3 | 25K | 0 | Seminole | |||
33.4 | 1995-04-24 | 2 | 29°39'N / 81°44'W | 29°45'N / 81°31'W | 10.00 Miles | 350 Yards | 0 | 5 | 1.1M | 0 | St. Johns |
Brief Description: A tornado touched town about five and a half miles west of Palatka travelled east northeast, lifting about one and a half miles northeast of Palatka. In Putnam County more than 200 building were damaged with 11 totally destroyed and over 150 vehicles were damaged. Winds were measured at 93 mph. In St Johns County, damage was confined mainly to trees downed. Damaged to buildings was mainly roof damage but several mobile homes were completely destroyed. Included in the damage was a hospital, community college and church. | |||||||||||
33.5 | 2007-02-02 | 3 | 28°53'N / 81°57'W | 28°55'N / 81°46'W | 11.00 Miles | 450 Yards | 8 | 10 | 52.0M | 0K | Lake |
Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: The the tornado that moved out of Sumter County, crossed into Lake County just west of Lady Lake. The one quarter mile wide, F3 tornado moved across the Lady Lake area killing 8 people and injuring 10. The tornado damaged 180 residences and destroyed 101. All of the fatalities were in mobile homes. Moving east northeast at 50 MPH, the tornado lifted near Emrald Marsh Lake. EPISODE NARRATIVE: A series of powerful tornadoes swept across Sumter, Lake and Volusia counties during the early morning hours of February 2, 2007. A discontinuous swath of tornado damage was observed from near Wildwood in Sumter County to the town of Lady Lake (Lake County) to New Smyrna Beach (Volusia County). This was a distance of over 70 miles. A total of 21 fatalities occurred within Lake County. Central Florida was located in the warm sector ahead of an advancing cold front. Large scale lift was supported by a very strong jet aloft, with strong vertical shear. Instability increased overnight with temperatures and dew points increasing through the pre-dawn hours. A single long-tracked supercell thunderstorm traveled from Sumter County to the coastal waters of Volusia County during the early morning hours of February 2, 2007. Three tornadoes touched down along this track. | |||||||||||
34.4 | 1973-04-04 | 2 | 29°36'N / 82°04'W | 29°40'N / 81°33'W | 31.40 Miles | 67 Yards | 0 | 4 | 250K | 0 | Putnam |
34.7 | 1978-04-19 | 2 | 29°04'N / 82°03'W | 29°06'N / 81°58'W | 5.60 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 14 | 2.5M | 0 | Marion |
35.3 | 1997-11-02 | 3 | 29°01'N / 80°56'W | 29°01'N / 80°56'W | 3.00 Miles | 400 Yards | 0 | 32 | 14.0M | 0 | Volusia |
Brief Description: A rapidly intensifying tornado initially touched down in New Smyrna Beach about 1 mile west of U.S. Highway 1 between Enterprise and Wayne Avenues. The tornado moved east northeast at about 50 mph damaging several homes and downing trees and power lines. It lifted just west of Highway 1 after passing Chisholm Elementary School. The tornado then struck New Smyrna Beach High School producing Fujita Scale F1 damage. As the tornado intensified to a strong F3 category, it passed thorough the Venetian VIllas subdivision and the Diamond Head Condominiums. A number of large well built homes were destroyed. Many of the units in the 10 story Diamond Head Condominiums received major damage as high winds blew out exterior glass walls and blew furniture into the adjoining Indian River Lagoon. The tornado then crossed the Intracoastal Waterway and passed over the barrier island between Robinson Road and East Street where a number of large well built homes were almost completely destroyed. The tornado then moved over the Atlantic Ocean. In all 32 people were injured, six requiring hospitalisation. Thirty one homes were destroyed and 290 were damaged. Damage estimates were near 14 million dollars. | |||||||||||
35.6 | 1998-02-23 | 3 | 28°48'N / 81°09'W | 28°48'N / 81°09'W | 2.00 Miles | 200 Yards | 1 | 0 | 1.0M | 0 | Volusia |
Brief Description: The Sanford tornado crossed into Volusia County near Highway 46 and the St. Johns River where it killed a 53 year old man in a recreational vehicle at a fish camp. The tornado continued northeast for 2 miles and dissipated in a rural part of south Volusia County. M53VE | |||||||||||
35.7 | 1998-02-23 | 3 | 28°42'N / 81°21'W | 28°48'N / 81°11'W | 14.00 Miles | 200 Yards | 12 | 36 | 30.0M | 0 | Seminole |
Brief Description: The Seminole County category F3 tornado was produced by the same supercell that produced the Winter Garden tornado. It initially set down near Longwood and moved northeast at 45 mph. The tornado passed through several neighborhhoods in the southeast portion of Sanford killing 12 people in mobile homes and injuring 70. It continued northeast and crossed into Volusia County 5 miles east of Sanford. The near 200 mph winds of the tornado damaged or destroy 625 structures. M9MH, F11MH, F21MH, M23MH, M26MH, M37MH, F39MH, F40MH, M41MH, M49MH, M53PH, M62MH | |||||||||||
36.1 | 1985-08-31 | 2 | 28°48'N / 81°52'W | 28°53'N / 81°50'W | 5.00 Miles | 50 Yards | 0 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Lake |
36.1 | 1964-04-28 | 2 | 28°44'N / 81°37'W | 0.10 Mile | 33 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Orange | |
37.3 | 1995-01-07 | 2 | 29°00'N / 82°07'W | 29°00'N / 81°55'W | 12.00 Miles | 440 Yards | 1 | 20 | 2.8M | 0 | Marion |
Brief Description: An F2 tornado touched down at 0550 EST about one mile north of Pedro in Marion County and moved east about 12 miles before lifting about three-quarters miles north of Weirsdale. A man received fatal head injuries while sitting in his car outside a mobile home when the car was rolled four times. Another 20 persons, mostly those in mobile homes, were injured. The tornado destroyed or heavily damaged 66 mobile homes with less extensive damage to another 85 dwellings, mostly mobile homes. The hardest hit communities were Lake Weir Harbor Estates and Bird Island. (M53A) | |||||||||||
37.4 | 1996-10-07 | 2 | 28°58'N / 80°53'W | 29°01'N / 80°56'W | 6.00 Miles | 400 Yards | 0 | 0 | 2.4M | 0 | Volusia |
Brief Description: A 400 yard wide F2 tornado-waterspout initally touched down west of Interstate 95, about 1.5 mile south of Florida Highway 442. The tornado moved northeast at 40 mph, crossing the town of Edgewater. It remained in contact with the surface as it moved over the Indian River Lagoon and crossed the barrier island in the southern part of New Smyrna Beach. There were no fatalities or serious injuries reported. One commerical structure and 30 homes were severly damaged. Over 200 homes received minor damage. At least 1 mobile home was destroyed. Damage estimates were near $2.4 million. | |||||||||||
39.0 | 1961-04-09 | 2 | 29°47'N / 81°26'W | 29°49'N / 81°22'W | 5.10 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 2 | 25K | 0 | St. Johns |
39.2 | 1978-01-08 | 2 | 28°38'N / 81°24'W | 28°45'N / 81°10'W | 16.30 Miles | 33 Yards | 0 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Seminole |
40.3 | 1973-03-08 | 2 | 29°04'N / 82°06'W | 1.50 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 6 | 250K | 0 | Marion | |
40.7 | 2007-02-02 | 3 | 28°52'N / 82°03'W | 28°54'N / 81°57'W | 6.00 Miles | 335 Yards | 0 | 15 | 62.0M | 0K | Sumter |
Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: The tornado first touched down near the southeast corner of The Villages south of Lake Miona and moved rapidly to the east northeast at 55 MPH into Lake County. A FEMA report to Sumter County emergency management officials detailed damage to 1,145 homes with 200 destroyed during the 6 minutes the tornado was on the ground. A National Weather Service storm survey estimated maximum winds of 140 MPH. No fatalities were recorded in Sumter County and 15 injuries is a rough estimate. EPISODE NARRATIVE: A developing area of low pressure over the western Gulf of Mexico on Thursday, February 1 intensified and moved off the mid Atlantic coast Friday. Numerous thunderstorms developed out ahead of and along the associated cold front that pushed into southern Florida late Friday. The first tornado of the year to use the Enhanced Fujita Scale occurred just after 3 AM Friday in The Villages in northeast Sumter County. Several violent tornadoes were reported across central Florida early Friday morning. This violent tornado outbreak was the largest in Florida since the Kissimmee tornadoes of February 22-23, 1998. In addition to the tornadoes, gusty southwest winds ahead of the cold front combined with high tide to cause areas of minor coastal flooding along west and southwest facing shorelines north of Tampa Bay. | |||||||||||
41.1 | 1983-04-09 | 2 | 29°10'N / 82°14'W | 29°14'N / 82°03'W | 10.00 Miles | 60 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Marion |
42.4 | 1978-01-08 | 2 | 28°37'N / 81°26'W | 28°38'N / 81°24'W | 3.00 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 23 | 2.5M | 0 | Orange |
42.5 | 1981-03-18 | 2 | 28°40'N / 81°12'W | 0.50 Mile | 33 Yards | 0 | 1 | 250K | 0 | Seminole | |
42.5 | 1998-02-23 | 2 | 28°51'N / 80°56'W | 28°54'N / 80°51'W | 5.00 Miles | 150 Yards | 0 | 0 | 500K | 0 | Volusia |
Brief Description: The same supercell that produced the Sanford tornado produced an F2 tornado that touched down just west of Interstate 95 about 5 miles west of Oak Hill. The tornado moved northeast at 45 mph blowing down trees destroying two barns and damaging 10 mobile homes and 2 houses. The tornado lifted at the town of Ariel at U.S. Highway 1. | |||||||||||
42.9 | 1972-01-22 | 2 | 29°50'N / 81°40'W | 0.30 Mile | 50 Yards | 0 | 4 | 3K | 0 | Clay | |
43.9 | 1975-12-31 | 3 | 29°05'N / 82°10'W | 2.00 Miles | 200 Yards | 1 | 26 | 2.5M | 0 | Marion | |
44.1 | 1973-04-04 | 2 | 29°33'N / 82°06'W | 29°36'N / 82°04'W | 4.50 Miles | 67 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Alachua |
44.7 | 1964-01-12 | 2 | 29°11'N / 82°12'W | 0 | 0 | 3K | 0 | Marion | |||
45.4 | 1958-04-15 | 3 | 29°52'N / 81°18'W | 29°53'N / 81°15'W | 3.60 Miles | 73 Yards | 0 | 9 | 250K | 0 | St. Johns |
45.8 | 1983-02-02 | 2 | 28°33'N / 81°22'W | 28°37'N / 81°18'W | 5.00 Miles | 50 Yards | 0 | 9 | 2.5M | 0 | Orange |
46.0 | 1998-02-22 | 3 | 28°31'N / 81°38'W | 28°38'N / 81°27'W | 14.00 Miles | 200 Yards | 3 | 70 | 15.0M | 0 | Orange |
Brief Description: The Lake County tornado moved into Orange County about 5 miles southwest of Winter Garden moving northeast at 45 mph. It rapidly intensified to a category F3 tornado with estimated winds near 200 mph. The tornado moved through Winter Garden between 11:47 pm and 11:55 pm destroying a mobile home community in Winter Garden. There were three fatalities and 70 injuries. Five hundred structures were either damaged or destroyed. F68MH, M80MH, M80MH | |||||||||||
46.3 | 1971-02-07 | 3 | 29°54'N / 81°33'W | 29°55'N / 81°20'W | 13.10 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | St. Johns |
47.2 | 1987-04-15 | 2 | 28°39'N / 82°03'W | 28°47'N / 81°53'W | 12.00 Miles | 250 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Sumter |
47.5 | 1975-03-18 | 2 | 29°55'N / 81°20'W | 1.00 Mile | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | St. Johns | |
47.8 | 1959-04-02 | 2 | 28°34'N / 81°16'W | 1 | 9 | 250K | 0 | Orange | |||
47.8 | 1983-02-02 | 2 | 28°33'N / 81°22'W | 1.00 Mile | 20 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Orange | |
48.7 | 2001-03-29 | 2 | 28°59'N / 82°22'W | 29°08'N / 82°07'W | 22.00 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 1.5M | 0 | Marion |
Brief Description: More than 85 homes were damaged in three neighborhoods, knocking power out to 10,000 thousand of residents. | |||||||||||
49.3 | 1973-01-28 | 2 | 28°31'N / 81°26'W | 28°32'N / 81°25'W | 2.70 Miles | 300 Yards | 0 | 16 | 2.5M | 0 | Orange |
49.6 | 1981-03-19 | 3 | 28°30'N / 81°25'W | 28°33'N / 81°18'W | 8.00 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 1 | 2.5M | 0 | Orange |
* The information on this page is based on the global volcano database, the U.S. earthquake database of 1638-1985, and the U.S. Tornado and Weather Extremes database of 1950-2010.