Olivet, SD Natural Disasters and Weather Extremes
Hot Rankings
The chance of earthquake damage in Olivet is about the same as South Dakota average and is much lower than the national average. The risk of tornado damage in Olivet is much higher than South Dakota average and is much higher than the national average.
Earthquake Index, #78
| Olivet, SD | 0.05 |
| South Dakota | 0.05 |
| U.S. | 1.81 |
The earthquake index value is calculated based on historical earthquake events data using USA.com algorithms. It is an indicator of the earthquake level in a region. A higher earthquake index value means a higher chance of an earthquake.
Volcano Index, #1
| Olivet, SD | 0.0000 |
| South Dakota | 0.0000 |
| U.S. | 0.0023 |
The volcano index value is calculated based on the currently known volcanoes using USA.com algorithms. It is an indicator of the possibility of a region being affected by a possible volcano eruption. A higher volcano index value means a higher chance of being affected.
Tornado Index, #39
| Olivet, SD | 220.63 |
| South Dakota | 114.73 |
| U.S. | 136.45 |
The tornado index value is calculated based on historical tornado events data using USA.com algorithms. It is an indicator of the tornado level in a region. A higher tornado index value means a higher chance of tornado events.
Other Weather Extremes Events
A total of 3,095 other weather extremes events within 50 miles of Olivet, SD were recorded from 1950 to 2010. The following is a break down of these events:
| Type | Count | Type | Count | Type | Count | Type | Count | Type | Count |
| Avalanche: | 0 | Blizzard: | 27 | Cold: | 3 | Dense Fog: | 0 | Drought: | 6 |
| Dust Storm: | 0 | Flood: | 224 | Hail: | 1,628 | Heat: | 3 | Heavy Snow: | 27 |
| High Surf: | 0 | Hurricane: | 0 | Ice Storm: | 2 | Landslide: | 0 | Strong Wind: | 53 |
| Thunderstorm Winds: | 1,010 | Tropical Storm: | 0 | Wildfire: | 2 | Winter Storm: | 42 | Winter Weather: | 21 |
| Other: | 47 | ||||||||
Volcanos Nearby
No volcano is found in or near Olivet, SD.
Historical Earthquake Events
A total of 1 historical earthquake event that had a recorded magnitude of 3.5 or above found in or near Olivet, SD.
| Distance (miles) | Date | Magnitude | Depth (km) | Latitude | Longitude |
| 18.3 | 1982-11-15 | 4.3 | 5 | 43.01 | -97.85 |
Historical Tornado Events
A total of 76 historical tornado events that had recorded magnitude of 2 or above found in or near Olivet, SD.
| Distance (miles) | Date | Magnitude | Start Lat/Log | End Lat/Log | Length | Width | Fatalities | Injuries | Property Damage | Crop Damage | Affected County |
| 3.8 | 1965-06-26 | 3 | 42°58'N / 97°49'W | 43°25'N / 97°28'W | 35.60 Miles | 163 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Bon Homme |
| 5.1 | 1965-06-28 | 2 | 43°13'N / 97°48'W | 43°15'N / 97°45'W | 2.30 Miles | 73 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0 | Hutchinson |
| 7.9 | 1984-06-05 | 2 | 43°20'N / 97°46'W | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Hutchinson | |||
| 10.4 | 2007-05-05 | 2 | 43°06'N / 97°36'W | 43°06'N / 97°36'W | 1.00 Mile | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 100K | 0K | Yankton |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: A tornado destroyed 3 concrete silos, destroyed numerous outbuildings, heavily damaged a large shed, damaged a barn, caused tree damage, and caused other damage on a farm. EPISODE NARRATIVE: Numerous thunderstorms during the afternoon and evening of May 5th produced large hail, damaging winds, several tornadoes, and flash flooding in southeast South Dakota. Significant damage was reported from several locations. | |||||||||||
| 15.7 | 2007-05-05 | 2 | 43°04'N / 97°54'W | 43°07'N / 97°55'W | 4.00 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 100K | 0K | Bon Homme |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: A tornado damaged two farms, including a house shifted off its foundation, and several outbuildings destroyed. The tornado also caused widespread tree damage, including some trees debarked and uprooted. The tornado also blew off the tops of grain bins and blew down power lines. EPISODE NARRATIVE: Numerous thunderstorms during the afternoon and evening of May 5th produced large hail, damaging winds, several tornadoes, and flash flooding in southeast South Dakota. Significant damage was reported from several locations. | |||||||||||
| 17.1 | 1956-05-10 | 2 | 42°59'N / 97°52'W | 43°04'N / 97°49'W | 5.60 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 2 | 0K | 0 | Bon Homme |
| 18.0 | 1954-06-18 | 3 | 43°02'N / 97°30'W | 43°01'N / 97°27'W | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Yankton | ||
| 19.2 | 1972-08-05 | 2 | 43°01'N / 97°27'W | 0.30 Mile | 400 Yards | 0 | 0 | 3K | 0 | Yankton | |
| 19.2 | 2007-05-05 | 2 | 42°57'N / 97°49'W | 43°01'N / 97°49'W | 4.00 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 50K | 0K | Bon Homme |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: A tornado blew over a shed, damaged several outbuildings, and flipped over a hog shed. A house was damaged when hit by debris from the hog shed. The tornado also shifted a two car garage off its foundation, damaged the adjoining house, blew a chimney off the roof, twisted a windmill, and caused tree damage. EPISODE NARRATIVE: Numerous thunderstorms during the afternoon and evening of May 5th produced large hail, damaging winds, several tornadoes, and flash flooding in southeast South Dakota. Significant damage was reported from several locations. | |||||||||||
| 19.6 | 1985-04-20 | 2 | 42°56'N / 97°40'W | 42°59'N / 97°38'W | 3.50 Miles | 1000 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Bon Homme |
| 20.2 | 1972-09-20 | 2 | 42°59'N / 97°29'W | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Yankton | |||
| 20.3 | 1965-06-07 | 2 | 43°08'N / 97°20'W | 43°10'N / 97°15'W | 3.60 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Turner |
| 21.0 | 1965-06-07 | 2 | 43°25'N / 97°20'W | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0 | Turner | |||
| 21.1 | 1985-04-20 | 2 | 42°54'N / 97°36'W | 43°01'N / 97°26'W | 10.00 Miles | 440 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Yankton |
| 23.1 | 1965-06-07 | 4 | 43°10'N / 97°14'W | 43°11'N / 97°13'W | 0 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Yankton | ||
| 23.4 | 1962-06-05 | 3 | 42°52'N / 97°54'W | 42°59'N / 97°47'W | 9.50 Miles | 1760 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Bon Homme |
| 23.7 | 1954-06-18 | 3 | 42°51'N / 97°53'W | 42°59'N / 97°46'W | 10.60 Miles | 33 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Bon Homme |
| 24.0 | 1965-05-24 | 3 | 43°30'N / 97°30'W | 43°34'N / 97°20'W | 9.00 Miles | 20 Yards | 0 | 0 | 3K | 0 | Mccook |
| 24.0 | 1954-06-18 | 2 | 43°25'N / 97°16'W | 43°28'N / 97°18'W | 2.70 Miles | 33 Yards | 0 | 0 | 3K | 0 | Turner |
| 24.4 | 1993-05-07 | 2 | 43°35'N / 97°33'W | 2.00 Miles | 75 Yards | 0 | 0 | 500K | 0 | Hutchinson | |
| Brief Description: A tornado carried a 60 X 120 foot metal pole barn into the tops of four grain bins causing extensive damage. The tornado also destroyed many small buildings and blew roofs off larger buildings on many farms in the area. | |||||||||||
| 24.4 | 1993-05-07 | 2 | 43°35'N / 97°33'W | 1.00 Mile | 75 Yards | 0 | 0 | 500K | 0 | Mccook | |
| Brief Description: A tornado touched down on several farms destroying two pole barns, a grain bin, and a barn roof. | |||||||||||
| 24.5 | 1956-05-10 | 2 | 43°25'N / 97°15'W | 1.30 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0 | Turner | |
| 25.8 | 1971-10-01 | 2 | 43°33'N / 97°23'W | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Mccook | |||
| 26.0 | 1985-04-20 | 2 | 43°11'N / 97°14'W | 43°18'N / 97°05'W | 12.00 Miles | 440 Yards | 0 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Turner |
| 26.0 | 1954-06-18 | 3 | 43°03'N / 97°19'W | 43°08'N / 97°05'W | 12.80 Miles | 33 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Yankton |
| 26.8 | 1954-05-27 | 2 | 43°37'N / 97°47'W | 43°38'N / 97°43'W | 2.30 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 1 | 25K | 0 | Hanson |
| 26.9 | 1965-06-07 | 4 | 43°11'N / 97°13'W | 43°14'N / 97°04'W | 7.80 Miles | 647 Yards | 1 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Turner |
| 27.3 | 1965-05-24 | 2 | 42°54'N / 97°24'W | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Yankton | |||
| 27.9 | 1954-05-27 | 2 | 43°30'N / 98°06'W | 1.00 Mile | 137 Yards | 0 | 1 | 25K | 0 | Davison | |
| 28.3 | 1981-08-03 | 3 | 43°17'N / 97°09'W | 43°06'N / 97°05'W | 12.80 Miles | 440 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Turner |
| 29.1 | 2003-06-24 | 2 | 43°23'N / 97°08'W | 43°24'N / 97°08'W | 1.50 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 0 | 3.0M | 0 | Turner |
| Brief Description: A tornado heavily damaged or destroyed numerous structures at the county fairgrounds, uprooted numerous trees, and blew down power lines, resulting in power outages which lasted up to a day. The tornado damaged other structures in Parker including homes and the county courthouse. One home was shifted off its foundation and received broken windows and damaged siding. Some of the damage resulted from falling trees or wind blown debris. | |||||||||||
| 29.4 | 1969-08-08 | 2 | 43°42'N / 98°00'W | 43°38'N / 97°19'W | 34.30 Miles | 33 Yards | 0 | 1 | 25K | 0 | Davison |
| 30.1 | 2006-09-16 | 2 | 43°33'N / 97°30'W | 43°42'N / 97°17'W | 12.00 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 100K | 0 | Mccook |
| Brief Description: A tornado affected 3 farmsteads, destroying numerous outbuildings, damaging farm equipment and a home, killing at least 5 cattle and injuring others. The tornado also damaged a hog confinement building and overturned a semi trailer on Interstate 90. | |||||||||||
| 31.0 | 1998-05-30 | 2 | 43°42'N / 97°26'W | 43°36'N / 97°24'W | 6.00 Miles | 700 Yards | 0 | 0 | 900K | 100K | Mccook |
| Brief Description: A tornado spawned by the same storm which produced the Spencer tornado damaged farms, crops, trees, and power lines in southern McCook County. | |||||||||||
| 31.2 | 1968-06-20 | 3 | 43°41'N / 97°59'W | 43°39'N / 97°47'W | 9.90 Miles | 2667 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0 | Davison |
| 31.6 | 1959-05-30 | 3 | 42°53'N / 97°17'W | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Yankton | |||
| 32.9 | 2007-05-05 | 2 | 42°45'N / 97°30'W | 42°48'N / 97°35'W | 6.00 Miles | 500 Yards | 0 | 3 | 1.0M | 0K | Knox |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: A grain bin was damaged as this tornado initially touched down along with two or three large power line support structures northwest of Crofton. The tornado tracked toward Lewis and Clark Lake taking the roof off of a house and destroying a garage. The tornado also caused other roof damage as it continued tracking toward Lewis and Clark Lake. When it reached the lake it caused significant damage to a recreation area and marina. The tornado also caused 3 minor injuries when it apparently lifted a large SUV off the ground and carried it a hundred feet or so before setting it down with the windows blown in. Numerous campers and boats were flipped or missing at the recreation area, along with vehicle damage. About $1 million in damage was estimated to have occurred at the recreation area. Many trees were also toppled. This tornado and others in Knox county downed 30 to 40 power poles. A Storage building in the area was also severely damaged. This tornado started as one tornado to the southwest was lifting and a weaker one to the northeast was forming. There were several reports by the public of multiple tornadoes in the area, either from the three tornadoes mentioned here, or from multiple vortexes within this tornado. The tornado crossed Lewis and Clark Lake and did f1 damage in South Dakota. EPISODE NARRATIVE: A warm front that was along the Kansas and Nebraska border early Saturday morning May 5th, lifted north during the day bringing widespread heavy rain and severe weather, including tornadoes, to eastern Nebraska and southwest Iowa. The warm front was part of a large upper level system that brought several days of severe weather and flooding to the region. Heavy rain and flooding was reported with some of the activity Saturday morning, along with isolated severe thunderstorm reports. However, during the afternoon the severe weather became more widespread over northeast Nebraska where supercells spawned several tornadoes. At this time, thunderstorms, some severe with heavy rain, produced flash flooding over parts of southeast Nebraska. By evening the severe weather, including supercell producing tornadoes, shifted into southwest Iowa, although isolated severe thunderstorms persisted over parts of eastern Nebraska until after midnight cdt. | |||||||||||
| 33.4 | 1959-05-30 | 2 | 42°43'N / 97°37'W | 42°49'N / 97°29'W | 9.30 Miles | 33 Yards | 1 | 2 | 250K | 0 | Knox |
| 33.7 | 1969-06-25 | 2 | 43°24'N / 98°14'W | 43°26'N / 98°22'W | 6.60 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 2 | 25K | 0 | Douglas |
| 34.0 | 2003-06-24 | 2 | 43°08'N / 96°58'W | 43°11'N / 97°03'W | 7.00 Miles | 400 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Turner |
| Brief Description: A tornado damaged farm buildings and equipment, as well as crops, trees, and power lines. | |||||||||||
| 34.1 | 1998-05-30 | 3 | 43°45'N / 97°41'W | 43°43'N / 97°33'W | 7.00 Miles | 700 Yards | 0 | 0 | 1.0M | 100K | Hanson |
| Brief Description: A large and strengthening tornado destroyed buildings and other property on five farms and also destroyed trees and power lines before crossing the eastern edge of Hanson County. | |||||||||||
| 34.2 | 1959-05-30 | 2 | 42°49'N / 97°29'W | 42°50'N / 97°08'W | 17.50 Miles | 33 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Cedar |
| 34.2 | 1998-05-30 | 4 | 43°45'N / 97°37'W | 43°42'N / 97°26'W | 7.00 Miles | 1600 Yards | 6 | 150 | 17.0M | 400K | Mccook |
| Brief Description: The tornado from Hanson County destroyed most of Spencer as it strengthened and continued to grow. Most homes, other buildings, and other structures in Spencer were completely levelled. Debris and belongings were scattered over a large area, and one receipt blown from Spencer was found just west of Chandler, MN about 80 miles east of Spencer. The tornado killed 6 and injured 150 in Spencer. The tornado continued southeast from Spencer, widened, then weakened, and dissipated 4 miles southwest of Salem with another tornado then forming from the same storm. The tornado caused additional damage to trees, power lines, crops, and buildings on farms after moving southeast of Spencer. F70PH, F77PH, F93PH, F68PH, M62PH, F85PH | |||||||||||
| 34.7 | 2007-05-05 | 2 | 43°43'N / 97°36'W | 43°46'N / 97°37'W | 4.00 Miles | 400 Yards | 0 | 0 | 50K | 0K | Mccook |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: A tornado damaged a house on the west side of Spencer and caused tree damage before crossing into western Hanson County. EPISODE NARRATIVE: Numerous thunderstorms during the afternoon and evening of May 5th produced large hail, damaging winds, several tornadoes, and flash flooding in southeast South Dakota. Significant damage was reported from several locations. | |||||||||||
| 34.9 | 1962-05-14 | 3 | 43°24'N / 98°23'W | 43°30'N / 98°14'W | 9.70 Miles | 1760 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0 | Douglas |
| 35.1 | 1973-06-24 | 2 | 43°01'N / 98°18'W | 1 | 1 | 25K | 0 | Charles Mix | |||
| 35.4 | 1998-05-30 | 2 | 43°46'N / 97°49'W | 43°44'N / 97°43'W | 6.00 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 0 | 50K | 0 | Hanson |
| Brief Description: A tornado damaged trees and power lines. | |||||||||||
| 35.6 | 1993-05-07 | 3 | 43°36'N / 97°18'W | 43°42'N / 97°11'W | 10.00 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 5.0M | 0 | Mccook |
| Brief Description: A tornado caused extensive damage in the Canistota area. Four metal grain storage bins were severely damaged and the roof was blown off the grain elevator. A large roof was blown off a building in Canistota resulting in rain seeping through the floors of the building. The roof blew into another building causing damage, and the flying debris took out power lines and transformers. The storm nearly totaled a farm including the house, and destroyed barns on other farms. Buildings were damaged in Montrose and a farm and metal buildings were lost on a farm east of Montrose. | |||||||||||
| 35.6 | 1966-05-22 | 2 | 43°24'N / 97°00'W | 0 | 0 | 3K | 0 | Turner | |||
| 35.8 | 1985-04-20 | 2 | 42°35'N / 98°04'W | 42°53'N / 97°34'W | 35.00 Miles | 440 Yards | 0 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Knox |
| 35.9 | 1954-07-29 | 2 | 43°03'N / 98°20'W | 42°59'N / 98°18'W | 4.10 Miles | 33 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0 | Charles Mix |
| 36.1 | 2003-06-24 | 2 | 43°14'N / 96°56'W | 43°19'N / 96°59'W | 7.00 Miles | 300 Yards | 0 | 0 | 500K | 0 | Turner |
| Brief Description: A tornado, after crossing into Turner County from Lincoln County, heavily damaged farm buildings, including one farm home demolished, and roof and window damage to at least two other farm homes. The tornado also caused an unknown amount of crop damage. | |||||||||||
| 36.7 | 1962-04-26 | 2 | 43°43'N / 98°00'W | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Davison | |||
| 37.7 | 1986-04-26 | 2 | 43°14'N / 96°56'W | 43°16'N / 96°55'W | 6.00 Miles | 50 Yards | 0 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Turner |
| 37.8 | 1962-05-21 | 3 | 43°43'N / 98°03'W | 1.00 Mile | 167 Yards | 0 | 32 | 2.5M | 0 | Davison | |
| 37.9 | 1965-06-07 | 2 | 43°04'N / 97°02'W | 43°07'N / 96°52'W | 8.60 Miles | 210 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0 | Clay |
| 38.0 | 1986-07-28 | 2 | 43°26'N / 98°23'W | 1.90 Miles | 80 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Douglas | |
| 38.6 | 2007-05-05 | 2 | 43°45'N / 97°38'W | 43°51'N / 97°39'W | 7.00 Miles | 400 Yards | 0 | 0 | 10K | 0K | Hanson |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: A tornado caused damage to trees and a junk yard after crossing over from McCook County. EPISODE NARRATIVE: Numerous thunderstorms during the afternoon and evening of May 5th produced large hail, damaging winds, several tornadoes, and flash flooding in southeast South Dakota. Significant damage was reported from several locations. | |||||||||||
| 39.3 | 1965-06-07 | 2 | 42°54'N / 97°03'W | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0 | Clay | |||
| 39.8 | 1964-06-22 | 2 | 43°07'N / 96°53'W | 43°21'N / 96°53'W | 16.10 Miles | 33 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0 | Lincoln |
| 39.8 | 1986-04-26 | 2 | 43°16'N / 96°55'W | 43°15'N / 96°51'W | 6.00 Miles | 50 Yards | 0 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Lincoln |
| 41.1 | 1954-05-27 | 2 | 43°47'N / 97°33'W | 43°51'N / 97°23'W | 9.00 Miles | 90 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Mccook |
| 41.4 | 1973-07-01 | 2 | 43°50'N / 97°33'W | 0.50 Mile | 67 Yards | 0 | 1 | 25K | 0 | Mccook | |
| 43.3 | 1962-05-12 | 2 | 43°32'N / 96°59'W | 43°41'N / 96°58'W | 10.10 Miles | 880 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Minnehaha |
| 43.5 | 1950-06-13 | 2 | 42°36'N / 97°53'W | 42°39'N / 97°49'W | 4.10 Miles | 33 Yards | 0 | 101 | 25K | 0 | Knox |
| 44.3 | 1992-06-16 | 2 | 43°43'N / 98°09'W | 43°50'N / 98°11'W | 3.00 Miles | 73 Yards | 0 | 0 | 3K | 0 | Davison |
| 44.3 | 1992-06-16 | 2 | 43°43'N / 98°09'W | 43°50'N / 98°11'W | 3.00 Miles | 73 Yards | 0 | 0 | 3K | 0 | Davison |
| 44.7 | 2003-06-24 | 2 | 43°42'N / 98°14'W | 43°47'N / 98°15'W | 6.00 Miles | 400 Yards | 0 | 0 | 500K | 0 | Davison |
| Brief Description: A tornado damaged crops, trees, and numerous buildings on several farms. On one farm the northeast corner of a home was heavily damaged, and several buildings including a barn, a grainery, and a machine shed were destroyed. Large trees were blown down. | |||||||||||
| 46.2 | 1970-07-14 | 2 | 43°10'N / 96°48'W | 43°07'N / 96°44'W | 3.80 Miles | 33 Yards | 1 | 1 | 25.0M | 0 | Lincoln |
| 47.1 | 1984-06-11 | 2 | 42°47'N / 96°59'W | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Clay | |||
| 48.3 | 1964-06-22 | 2 | 43°29'N / 96°50'W | 43°38'N / 96°48'W | 10.00 Miles | 33 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Lincoln |
| 48.7 | 1962-05-21 | 3 | 42°26'N / 97°27'W | 42°46'N / 97°06'W | 29.00 Miles | 500 Yards | 0 | 1 | 2.5M | 0 | Cedar |
| 48.7 | 1962-05-21 | 3 | 43°00'N / 98°35'W | 43°00'N / 98°35'W | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0 | Charles Mix | ||
| 49.0 | 1967-08-16 | 2 | 42°47'N / 96°56'W | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Clay | |||
| 49.5 | 1965-06-07 | 3 | 42°55'N / 96°48'W | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0 | Union | |||
| 49.5 | 2007-05-05 | 3 | 43°40'N / 98°25'W | 43°44'N / 98°27'W | 4.00 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 0 | 300K | 0K | Aurora |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: A tornado destroyed a hunting lodge and nearby outbuildings. The tornado also severely damaged a house, tossed a trailer 100 yards, and caused tree damage. EPISODE NARRATIVE: Numerous thunderstorms during the afternoon and evening of May 5th produced large hail, damaging winds, several tornadoes, and flash flooding in southeast South Dakota. Significant damage was reported from several locations. | |||||||||||
* The information on this page is based on the global volcano database, the U.S. earthquake database of 1638-1985, and the U.S. Tornado and Weather Extremes database of 1950-2010.