74937 Zip Code Natural Disasters and Weather Extremes
The chance of earthquake damage in 74937 Zip Code is lower than Oklahoma average and is much lower than the national average. The risk of tornado damage in 74937 Zip Code is much lower than Oklahoma average and is higher than the national average.
Earthquake Index, #621
74937 Zip Code | 0.03 |
Oklahoma | 0.31 |
U.S. | 1.81 |
The earthquake index value is calculated based on historical earthquake events data using USA.com algorithms. It is an indicator of the earthquake level in a region. A higher earthquake index value means a higher chance of an earthquake.
Volcano Index, #1
74937 Zip Code | 0.0000 |
Oklahoma | 0.0000 |
U.S. | 0.0023 |
The volcano index value is calculated based on the currently known volcanoes using USA.com algorithms. It is an indicator of the possibility of a region being affected by a possible volcano eruption. A higher volcano index value means a higher chance of being affected.
Tornado Index, #731
74937 Zip Code | 172.85 |
Oklahoma | 363.83 |
U.S. | 136.45 |
The tornado index value is calculated based on historical tornado events data using USA.com algorithms. It is an indicator of the tornado level in a region. A higher tornado index value means a higher chance of tornado events.
Other Weather Extremes Events
A total of 3,541 other weather extremes events within 50 miles of 74937 Zip Code were recorded from 1950 to 2010. The following is a break down of these events:
Type | Count | Type | Count | Type | Count | Type | Count | Type | Count |
Avalanche: | 0 | Blizzard: | 0 | Cold: | 4 | Dense Fog: | 0 | Drought: | 4 |
Dust Storm: | 0 | Flood: | 300 | Hail: | 1,727 | Heat: | 6 | Heavy Snow: | 8 |
High Surf: | 0 | Hurricane: | 0 | Ice Storm: | 12 | Landslide: | 0 | Strong Wind: | 7 |
Thunderstorm Winds: | 1,384 | Tropical Storm: | 2 | Wildfire: | 1 | Winter Storm: | 17 | Winter Weather: | 19 |
Other: | 50 |
Volcanos Nearby
No volcano is found in or near 74937 Zip Code.
Historical Earthquake Events
A total of 1 historical earthquake event that had a recorded magnitude of 3.5 or above found in or near 74937 Zip Code.
Distance (miles) | Date | Magnitude | Depth (km) | Latitude | Longitude |
26.7 | 1977-06-02 | 4.3 | 10 | 34.61 | -94.19 |
Historical Tornado Events
A total of 73 historical tornado events that had recorded magnitude of 2 or above found in or near 74937 Zip Code.
Distance (miles) | Date | Magnitude | Start Lat/Log | End Lat/Log | Length | Width | Fatalities | Injuries | Property Damage | Crop Damage | Affected County |
2.0 | 2000-03-26 | 2 | 34°51'N / 94°38'W | 34°49'N / 94°36'W | 4.00 Miles | 300 Yards | 0 | 0 | 1.2M | 0 | Le Flore |
Brief Description: A tornado touched down 1.5 miles northwest of Hodgen and moved southeast passing near the town of Hodgen before lifting 2 miles southeast of Hodgen. Three mobile homes were destroyed and as many as eight others were damaged. In addition, two broiler houses were destroyed, killing all the chickens inside. A few other agriculture structures were damaged and a few power lines were blown down. | |||||||||||
9.3 | 1974-05-14 | 2 | 34°50'N / 94°45'W | 1.00 Mile | 77 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Le Flore | |
10.9 | 1968-04-19 | 2 | 34°58'N / 94°39'W | 1.00 Mile | 100 Yards | 0 | 1 | 25K | 0 | Le Flore | |
11.2 | 1973-05-26 | 2 | 34°57'N / 94°42'W | 1.50 Miles | 33 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Le Flore | |
12.1 | 1951-07-15 | 2 | 34°48'N / 94°48'W | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0 | Kingfisher | |||
13.0 | 1953-03-13 | 2 | 35°00'N / 94°32'W | 0 | 0 | 3K | 0 | Le Flore | |||
13.6 | 2009-04-09 | 2 | 34°37'N / 94°33'W | 34°39'N / 94°27'W | 7.00 Miles | 550 Yards | 0 | 4 | 100K | 0K | Le Flore |
Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: A tornado destroyed a mobile home, injuring four occupants, two of which were severely injured. Several other mobile homes were also severely damaged and a permanent home was damaged. Numerous trees were snapped or uprooted. Based on this damage, maximum winds were estimated to be between 120 and 130 mph. EPISODE NARRATIVE: Widespread severe thunderstorms occurred across eastern Oklahoma during the late afternoon and evening hours of the 9th. | |||||||||||
14.5 | 1961-05-05 | 4 | 34°44'N / 95°02'W | 34°57'N / 94°39'W | 26.40 Miles | 400 Yards | 16 | 58 | 250K | 0 | Le Flore |
15.6 | 1964-04-03 | 2 | 34°53'N / 94°51'W | 0 | 0 | 3K | 0 | Le Flore | |||
18.8 | 1977-11-15 | 2 | 34°35'N / 94°25'W | 0.50 Mile | 30 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Polk | |
18.8 | 1952-11-17 | 2 | 34°34'N / 94°24'W | 34°42'N / 94°17'W | 11.40 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Polk |
19.9 | 1982-05-28 | 2 | 34°31'N / 94°42'W | 34°33'N / 94°36'W | 5.00 Miles | 450 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Le Flore |
22.0 | 1980-04-07 | 3 | 35°08'N / 94°33'W | 0.50 Mile | 127 Yards | 0 | 9 | 2.5M | 0 | Le Flore | |
22.1 | 1958-06-25 | 2 | 35°08'N / 94°32'W | 0.50 Mile | 200 Yards | 0 | 1 | 25K | 0 | Le Flore | |
23.9 | 1976-03-26 | 4 | 34°47'N / 95°04'W | 34°52'N / 94°57'W | 8.80 Miles | 440 Yards | 1 | 4 | 250K | 0 | Le Flore |
25.3 | 1993-11-13 | 2 | 34°26'N / 94°27'W | 34°37'N / 94°11'W | 20.00 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 11 | 50.0M | 0 | Polk |
Brief Description: An F2 tornado touched down in Polk County and traveled approximately 20 miles before it lifted. Even though the tornado was not on the ground continuously, it still managed to cause extensive damage to several towns along its path. The tornado initially touched down approximately 2.50 miles west of Cove, along Highway 4. The storm passed through Cove where it damaged and destroyed several homes and businesses. The tornado then struck the Hatfield area where it destroyed or damaged a number of homes. The tornado continued moving northeastward and struck the southwest part of Mena. In Mena, a large number of homes and businesses sustained damage. Most of the buildings that were struck were either destroyed or received major damage. Eleven people in Mena were treated for minor injuries. A local park in Mena lost a number of large trees. Some of these trees were over 100 years old. A number of buildings in Mena were damaged as a result of trees falling on the structures. The tornado finally lifted about three miles northeast of Mena, in the community of Hillcrest, where it destroyed a few mobile homes and damaged several others. Initial estimates placed the damage at over $6 million. | |||||||||||
26.6 | 1971-05-23 | 2 | 34°37'N / 94°26'W | 34°35'N / 93°58'W | 26.70 Miles | 600 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Polk |
26.6 | 1956-03-27 | 2 | 34°45'N / 95°03'W | 1.00 Mile | 500 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Le Flore | |
26.7 | 1980-04-07 | 2 | 35°08'N / 94°22'W | 35°08'N / 94°16'W | 5.40 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 8 | 250K | 0 | Sebastian |
26.8 | 1981-07-21 | 2 | 35°12'N / 94°31'W | 0.50 Mile | 30 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Kiowa | |
26.8 | 1961-05-05 | 2 | 34°24'N / 94°48'W | 34°30'N / 94°41'W | 9.50 Miles | 400 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0 | Mccurtain |
27.6 | 2009-04-09 | 3 | 34°32'N / 94°19'W | 34°37'N / 94°05'W | 15.00 Miles | 1075 Yards | 3 | 30 | 130.0M | 0K | Polk |
Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: A tornado began to the west-southwest of Mena, then tracked through the northwest side of Mena. According to the Polk County Judge, 165 houses were destroyed, 701 houses had major damage, and more than 11,000 trees were blown down. The Polk County Courthouse, county jail, Mena City Hall, and the police and fire departments were damaged in downtown Mena, as were several businesses. Mena Middle School, also located downtown, was structurally damaged beyond repair. A nursing home was also damaged. Most of the city lost electricity. The tornado then tracked to the northeast, badly damaging several industrial buildings. There was considerable roof damage at Rich Mountain Community College, and lesser damage to the hospital. As the tornado continued to the northeast, a tractor dealership was destroyed. A number of rural residences and farms were damaged as the tornado moved out into rural Polk County. North of Ink, damage was noted along Polk 74 and Polk 71; these same areas had been damaged by a tornado on October 6, 2008. Three fatalities occurred on the northwest side of Mena. One was a woman at a Masonic Lodge, and the others were a man and woman at separate residences. EPISODE NARRATIVE: Low pressure aloft approached from the west and collided with moisture and instability. Thunderstorms developed in eastern Oklahoma during the afternoon, then became more numerous as they entered western Arkansas during the evening. The storms brought a few tornadoes and numerous hailstorms to Arkansas during the evening hours. | |||||||||||
27.8 | 1962-05-28 | 2 | 34°39'N / 95°06'W | 34°46'N / 95°01'W | 9.30 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Pushmataha |
27.8 | 1976-03-26 | 4 | 34°46'N / 95°05'W | 34°47'N / 95°04'W | 1.90 Miles | 440 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Latimer |
28.0 | 1957-04-02 | 2 | 34°50'N / 95°06'W | 35°03'N / 95°01'W | 15.70 Miles | 880 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Latimer |
28.1 | 1952-11-17 | 2 | 34°42'N / 94°17'W | 34°57'N / 93°54'W | 27.80 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 2 | 25K | 0 | Scott |
28.2 | 1976-03-26 | 5 | 35°12'N / 94°42'W | 35°15'N / 94°30'W | 11.90 Miles | 440 Yards | 2 | 64 | 2.5M | 0 | Le Flore |
30.0 | 1957-04-07 | 2 | 34°54'N / 94°06'W | 34°57'N / 94°03'W | 4.70 Miles | 300 Yards | 0 | 0 | 3K | 0 | Scott |
30.1 | 1957-04-02 | 2 | 35°03'N / 95°01'W | 35°09'N / 94°58'W | 7.60 Miles | 880 Yards | 0 | 2 | 25K | 0 | Haskell |
30.2 | 1999-03-05 | 2 | 34°37'N / 94°12'W | 34°40'N / 94°00'W | 12.00 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Polk |
Brief Description: A strong tornado was spawned in northern Polk County. The tornado tracked through rural areas, but caused some property damage. The roof of a home was damaged a couple of miles southeast of Acorn. The tornado caused mostly tree damage, with numerous trees downed or snapped. The tornado tracked 12 miles before dissipating. | |||||||||||
30.9 | 1983-11-22 | 3 | 34°39'N / 95°07'W | 34°41'N / 95°05'W | 3.00 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 3 | 2.5M | 0 | Pushmataha |
31.4 | 1950-01-13 | 3 | 34°24'N / 94°22'W | 0.60 Mile | 17 Yards | 1 | 1 | 3K | 0 | Polk | |
31.5 | 1958-05-02 | 2 | 35°16'N / 94°30'W | 0.30 Mile | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Le Flore | |
32.1 | 1968-04-19 | 4 | 35°12'N / 94°16'W | 2.00 Miles | 300 Yards | 14 | 270 | 2.5M | 0 | Sebastian | |
32.4 | 1960-05-05 | 3 | 35°11'N / 94°47'W | 35°21'N / 94°43'W | 12.10 Miles | 33 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Le Flore |
33.6 | 1954-02-19 | 2 | 35°13'N / 94°15'W | 1.00 Mile | 33 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0 | Sebastian | |
34.9 | 1960-05-05 | 4 | 35°04'N / 95°03'W | 35°23'N / 94°51'W | 24.60 Miles | 200 Yards | 3 | 6 | 2.5M | 0 | Haskell |
35.9 | 1961-03-12 | 2 | 34°35'N / 94°05'W | 34°42'N / 93°54'W | 13.20 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Polk |
36.0 | 1960-05-05 | 4 | 34°58'N / 95°18'W | 35°04'N / 95°03'W | 15.70 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Latimer |
37.0 | 1979-04-11 | 2 | 34°15'N / 94°22'W | 34°28'N / 94°08'W | 20.10 Miles | 440 Yards | 0 | 17 | 2.5M | 0 | Polk |
39.1 | 1960-05-05 | 3 | 35°21'N / 94°43'W | 35°24'N / 94°42'W | 3.60 Miles | 33 Yards | 1 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Sequoyah |
39.5 | 2003-05-01 | 2 | 34°33'N / 94°05'W | 34°27'N / 93°56'W | 10.00 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Polk |
Brief Description: A strong tornado touched down in eastern Polk County. The tornado destroyed three barns, knocked the porch off a house and blew part of the roof off another house. Extensive tree and power line damage was noted along the path of the tornado. Some trees were blown onto homes and a camper was blown over. The tornado continued moving southeast into Montgomery County. | |||||||||||
39.8 | 1967-12-21 | 2 | 35°21'N / 94°24'W | 35°23'N / 94°21'W | 3.80 Miles | 833 Yards | 0 | 6 | 25K | 0 | Sebastian |
40.2 | 1965-05-08 | 2 | 35°21'N / 94°25'W | 35°24'N / 94°21'W | 5.10 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 8 | 250K | 0 | Sebastian |
40.3 | 1996-04-21 | 2 | 35°23'N / 94°25'W | 35°23'N / 94°25'W | 4.00 Miles | 1050 Yards | 2 | 40 | 150.0M | 0 | Sebastian |
40.6 | 1960-05-05 | 4 | 34°53'N / 95°18'W | 34°38'N / 95°18'W | 17.20 Miles | 200 Yards | 13 | 100 | 2.5M | 0 | Latimer |
40.6 | 1957-01-22 | 4 | 35°24'N / 94°41'W | 10 | 20 | 250K | 0 | Sequoyah | |||
40.9 | 1998-06-08 | 2 | 35°05'N / 95°14'W | 35°05'N / 95°14'W | 0.50 Mile | 50 Yards | 0 | 0 | 60K | 0 | Haskell |
Brief Description: An F2 tornado destroyed one single family dwelling, while another single family dwelling received major damage. Summary of events for the evening of June 8 and the early morning of June 9 1998: A classic southern plains severe weather event shaped up on the afternoon and evening of June 8 as a number of isolated severe thunderstorms developed over central Oklahoma to the east of a dryline. The first severe thunderstorm to affect eastern Oklahoma scraped the northwestern part of Osage County, causing a report of a severe thunderstorm gust. This storm quickly died as it entered Kansas. A second more serious severe thunderstorm formed west of Oklahoma City and tracked all the way to the Arkansas state line south of Fort Smith, traversing Pittsburg, Haskell, and Le Flore Counties. This storm travelled east along an instability axis and a warm front. From a radar perspective, this storm was impressive in that it kept a classic, well-defined hook on its entire journey across southeast Oklahoma. From a human perspective, this storm was impressive in that it produced ten tornadoes in southeast Oklahoma, hail as large as golfballs, damaging thunderstorm winds, and torrential flooding rains. A third cluster of severe thunderstorms developed over Creek County and moved east across Okmulgee, Muskogee, Cherokee, and Adair Counties before weakening as it entered Arkansas. These storms slowed their movement across Muskogee County and regeneration along the southwest flank of the storms caused torrential rainfalls that dumped nearly three inches of rain in northern Muskogee, southern Cherokee, southern Adair, and northern Sequoyah Counties. In addition to flooding rains, these storms produced hail as large as nickels and damaging thunderstorm winds. | |||||||||||
41.5 | 1960-05-05 | 3 | 35°23'N / 94°29'W | 35°26'N / 94°26'W | 4.50 Miles | 33 Yards | 1 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Sequoyah |
41.6 | 1960-05-05 | 4 | 35°23'N / 94°33'W | 35°27'N / 94°30'W | 5.40 Miles | 33 Yards | 5 | 13 | 250K | 0 | Sequoyah |
41.6 | 1984-10-16 | 2 | 35°25'N / 94°31'W | 0.10 Mile | 3 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Sequoyah | |
42.1 | 1992-05-11 | 2 | 34°41'N / 95°27'W | 34°49'N / 95°12'W | 16.00 Miles | 400 Yards | 0 | 1 | 250K | 0 | Latimer |
42.2 | 1975-12-05 | 2 | 34°53'N / 95°20'W | 34°55'N / 95°19'W | 2.30 Miles | 350 Yards | 0 | 3 | 2.5M | 0 | Latimer |
43.0 | 1967-03-25 | 2 | 35°08'N / 93°56'W | 1.00 Mile | 33 Yards | 0 | 5 | 0K | 0 | Logan | |
43.7 | 1960-05-05 | 4 | 35°23'N / 94°51'W | 35°27'N / 94°49'W | 4.90 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Sequoyah |
44.2 | 1979-04-11 | 2 | 34°08'N / 94°28'W | 34°15'N / 94°22'W | 10.00 Miles | 440 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Sevier |
44.3 | 1980-04-07 | 2 | 35°02'N / 94°03'W | 35°08'N / 93°42'W | 20.90 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 1 | 250K | 0 | Logan |
44.8 | 1960-05-05 | 3 | 35°24'N / 94°42'W | 35°31'N / 94°42'W | 8.00 Miles | 33 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Sequoyah |
44.9 | 1982-05-28 | 2 | 35°27'N / 94°46'W | 0.50 Mile | 50 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Sequoyah | |
44.9 | 1970-06-11 | 2 | 34°36'N / 95°20'W | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Pushmataha | |||
45.0 | 1957-05-20 | 3 | 35°23'N / 95°00'W | 35°28'N / 94°45'W | 15.20 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 0 | 3K | 0 | Delaware |
45.3 | 1968-05-25 | 2 | 35°27'N / 94°48'W | 2.00 Miles | 33 Yards | 0 | 1 | 25K | 0 | Sequoyah | |
45.5 | 1983-11-22 | 2 | 34°28'N / 95°16'W | 2.00 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Pushmataha | |
45.8 | 2003-05-01 | 2 | 34°28'N / 93°56'W | 34°27'N / 93°53'W | 1.00 Mile | 200 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Montgomery |
Brief Description: A strong tornado moved from southeast Polk County into southwest Montgomery County about 8.5 miles south-southwest of Pine Ridge. Widespread tree damage was noted along the path of the tornado. The tornado lifted about 9 miles south of Pine Ridge. | |||||||||||
45.8 | 1999-03-05 | 2 | 34°12'N / 94°22'W | 34°11'N / 94°16'W | 8.00 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Polk |
Brief Description: A strong tornado was spawned in southern Polk County. The tornado hit the town of Grannis and caused some property damage. Damage was most extensive at a chicken farm. Two chicken houses were completely destroyed at the farm, with one chicken house thrown into the other house. Roughly 8,000 chickens were lost. Several trees and a few power lines were downed as well. The tornado tracked about 8 miles before moving into Howard County (Shreveport County Warning Area). | |||||||||||
45.8 | 1957-05-20 | 3 | 35°21'N / 95°05'W | 35°23'N / 95°00'W | 5.20 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 1 | 3K | 0 | Mayes |
46.5 | 1965-06-22 | 2 | 35°28'N / 94°48'W | 1.00 Mile | 33 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Sequoyah | |
46.5 | 2008-05-10 | 2 | 34°45'N / 95°30'W | 34°42'N / 95°18'W | 11.00 Miles | 580 Yards | 0 | 4 | 1.0M | 0K | Latimer |
Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: This tornado continued from Pittsburg County. As it moved into Latimer County, the tornado destroyed a double-wide mobile home, severely damaged another home and barn, and rolled an F350 pickup truck about 50 yards. Numerous trees were snapped or uprooted as the tornado approached Yanush. In Yanush, about 50 homes were damaged, eight of those were destroyed along with one business. Numerous sheds, barns, and outbuildings were destroyed. Numerous trees and power lines were blown down. EPISODE NARRATIVE: Elevated severe thunderstorms containing large hail developed north of a warm front that was moving slowly northward across eastern Oklahoma and west central Arkansas during the morning and early afternoon of the 10th. Another round of severe thunderstorms developed late in the afternoon as a dry line approached the area from the west. Extreme instability and strong vertical wind shear resulted in the development of long-lived supercell thunderstorms that moved across eastern Oklahoma and northwestern Arkansas during the late afternoon and evening. Several of these supercells became tornadic and a few produced long-lived damaging tornadoes. One such supercell developed and moved along the Oklahoma-Kansas border and then into southwestern Missouri. This storm produced a tornado in northeastern Craig County OK that remained on the ground for 29 miles in Oklahoma, continued for about 31 miles in Newton County MO, and finally dissipated about 15 miles into Barry County MO. It produced EF-4 damage in several locations, including Picher, a small town in north-central Ottawa County OK. Twenty-one fatalities, over 350 injuries, and an estimated $60 million in property damage resulted from this tornado in Oklahoma and Missouri. Six of the fatalities and about 150 injuries occurred in Picher OK. Other strong tornadoes developed and moved across portions of Pittsburg and Latimer Counties. A EF-2 tornado was on the ground for about eight miles west of McAlester, damaging numerous homes in its path. Another EF-2 tornado developed southwest of Hartshorne in Pittsburg County and moved 19 miles before dissipating just east of Yanush in Latimer County. Four injuries resulted from that tornado and numerous homes were severely damaged or destroyed. | |||||||||||
46.8 | 1989-05-18 | 2 | 35°28'N / 94°21'W | 0.70 Mile | 120 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Crawford | |
47.1 | 1959-05-10 | 2 | 35°29'N / 94°46'W | 1.50 Miles | 50 Yards | 0 | 1 | 3K | 0 | Sequoyah | |
47.9 | 1996-04-21 | 3 | 35°26'N / 94°21'W | 35°31'N / 94°17'W | 6.00 Miles | 1050 Yards | 0 | 49 | 150.0M | 0 | Crawford |
48.7 | 1957-01-22 | 2 | 35°15'N / 95°18'W | 35°17'N / 95°12'W | 6.10 Miles | 50 Yards | 0 | 0 | 3K | 0 | Haskell |
49.1 | 1999-03-05 | 2 | 34°10'N / 94°13'W | 34°16'N / 94°02'W | 18.70 Miles | 250 Yards | 0 | 0 | 60K | 0 | Howard |
Brief Description: Tornado entered Howard County from Polk County, moved across Howard County, then into Pike County. Damage was largely confined to rural wooded area with little or no population. A mobile home was heavily damaged and scores of trees were toppled along the tornado path. |
* The information on this page is based on the global volcano database, the U.S. earthquake database of 1638-1985, and the U.S. Tornado and Weather Extremes database of 1950-2010.