56568 Zip Code Natural Disasters and Weather Extremes
Hot Rankings
The chance of earthquake damage in 56568 Zip Code is about the same as Minnesota average and is much lower than the national average. The risk of tornado damage in 56568 Zip Code is lower than Minnesota average and is lower than the national average.
Earthquake Index, #497
| 56568 Zip Code | 0.00 |
| Minnesota | 0.01 |
| U.S. | 1.81 |
The earthquake index value is calculated based on historical earthquake events data using USA.com algorithms. It is an indicator of the earthquake level in a region. A higher earthquake index value means a higher chance of an earthquake.
Volcano Index, #1
| 56568 Zip Code | 0.0000 |
| Minnesota | 0.0000 |
| U.S. | 0.0023 |
The volcano index value is calculated based on the currently known volcanoes using USA.com algorithms. It is an indicator of the possibility of a region being affected by a possible volcano eruption. A higher volcano index value means a higher chance of being affected.
Tornado Index, #597
| 56568 Zip Code | 125.55 |
| Minnesota | 135.90 |
| U.S. | 136.45 |
The tornado index value is calculated based on historical tornado events data using USA.com algorithms. It is an indicator of the tornado level in a region. A higher tornado index value means a higher chance of tornado events.
Other Weather Extremes Events
A total of 2,486 other weather extremes events within 50 miles of 56568 Zip Code were recorded from 1950 to 2010. The following is a break down of these events:
| Type | Count | Type | Count | Type | Count | Type | Count | Type | Count |
| Avalanche: | 0 | Blizzard: | 59 | Cold: | 46 | Dense Fog: | 0 | Drought: | 12 |
| Dust Storm: | 0 | Flood: | 211 | Hail: | 1,169 | Heat: | 2 | Heavy Snow: | 21 |
| High Surf: | 0 | Hurricane: | 0 | Ice Storm: | 10 | Landslide: | 0 | Strong Wind: | 26 |
| Thunderstorm Winds: | 794 | Tropical Storm: | 0 | Wildfire: | 1 | Winter Storm: | 57 | Winter Weather: | 0 |
| Other: | 78 | ||||||||
Volcanos Nearby
No volcano is found in or near 56568 Zip Code.
Historical Earthquake Events
No historical earthquake events that had recorded magnitudes of 3.5 or above found in or near 56568 Zip Code.
No historical earthquake events found in or near 56568 Zip Code.
Historical Tornado Events
A total of 43 historical tornado events that had recorded magnitude of 2 or above found in or near 56568 Zip Code.
| Distance (miles) | Date | Magnitude | Start Lat/Log | End Lat/Log | Length | Width | Fatalities | Injuries | Property Damage | Crop Damage | Affected County |
| 11.3 | 1965-06-26 | 2 | 47°30'N / 97°00'W | 2.00 Miles | 33 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Traill | |
| 11.5 | 1977-07-13 | 2 | 47°40'N / 96°54'W | 47°42'N / 96°51'W | 2.30 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Polk |
| 13.2 | 2007-08-26 | 2 | 47°42'N / 96°55'W | 47°43'N / 96°51'W | 3.00 Miles | 300 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0K | Polk |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: This tornado touched down at 9 pm CST about 7 miles east-northeast of Reynolds, North Dakota (in Grand Forks County). It crossed the Red River into western Polk County at about 904 pm CST. The total tornado path length was about 5 miles, and about 3 miles of the total occurred in Tynsid Township in Polk County. The tornado destroyed a steel pole shed and a wooden quonset at one farmstead with significant tree damage at other locations nearby. Peak winds were estimated at 120 mph. EPISODE NARRATIVE: A cold front moved across North Dakota on the 26th, with a hot and humid airmass in place ahead of the front. At 6 pm CST, a surface low was located over southern Manitoba (Canada), just north of Pembina, ND. The cold front stretched to the southwest, back toward Devils Lake (ND) and Bismarck (ND). Ahead of the cold front, temperatures ranged in the low to mid 80s with dew points around 70F. Behind the front, temperatures did not cool significantly, but dew points dropped to the mid 40s. Thunderstorms began to form along and ahead of the cold front by early evening (from northeast ND into south central ND), eventually crossing into northwest Minnesota several hours later. Eight distinct tornadoes occurred over northeast North Dakota and northwest Minnesota during this event. | |||||||||||
| 14.8 | 2007-08-26 | 2 | 47°43'N / 96°57'W | 47°43'N / 96°55'W | 2.00 Miles | 300 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0K | Grand Forks |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: This tornado wrecked an antique wind charger windmill and downed some trees in Bentru Township (ND). It then crossed the Red River into Polk County, Minnesota, where it dissipated about 4 miles northwest of Eldred at 910 pm CST. The total path length was about 5 miles long, and about 2 miles of the total occurred in Grand Forks County. Peak winds were estimated at 120 mph. EPISODE NARRATIVE: A cold front moved across North Dakota on the 26th, with a hot and humid airmass in place ahead of the front. At 6 pm CST, a surface low was located over southern Manitoba (Canada), just north of Pembina, ND. The cold front stretched to the southwest, back toward Devils Lake (ND) and Bismarck (ND). Ahead of the cold front, temperatures ranged in the low to mid 80s with dew points around 70F. Behind the front, temperatures did not cool significantly, but dew points dropped to the mid 40s. Thunderstorms began to form along and ahead of the cold front by early evening (from northeast ND into south central ND), eventually crossing into northwest Minnesota several hours later. Eight distinct tornadoes occurred over northeast North Dakota and northwest Minnesota during this event. | |||||||||||
| 15.1 | 1953-06-27 | 2 | 47°30'N / 97°05'W | 0 | 0 | 3K | 0 | Traill | |||
| 18.3 | 1973-06-16 | 3 | 47°22'N / 97°04'W | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Traill | |||
| 21.0 | 2005-06-23 | 2 | 47°50'N / 96°55'W | 47°49'N / 96°53'W | 2.00 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Polk |
| Brief Description: Well-built garage walls and a roof were torn off a home. Steel grain bins were ripped off their foundations and thrown through the air. A 36x100 foot hip-roofed barn was torn from its foundation and demolished. Peak winds were estimated at 150 mph. | |||||||||||
| 22.4 | 2005-06-23 | 2 | 47°51'N / 96°44'W | 47°52'N / 96°43'W | 1.50 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Polk |
| Brief Description: Two steel grains bins were ripped off their foundations with debris thrown for about a half-mile to the northeast. Peak winds were estimated at 120 mph. | |||||||||||
| 23.9 | 2005-05-21 | 2 | 47°52'N / 96°37'W | 47°52'N / 96°37'W | 0.30 Mile | 75 Yards | 0 | 0 | 10K | 0 | Polk |
| Brief Description: A tornado touched down north of Crookston, and created a west-to-east damage path. The tornado hit a well-constructed pole barn and then travelled into an open field. Several large trees were snapped in half. The estimated peak wind speed was 140 mph. | |||||||||||
| 24.9 | 2010-08-10 | 2 | 47°41'N / 97°15'W | 47°41'N / 97°15'W | 1.00 Mile | 50 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0K | Grand Forks |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: A tornado struck a farmstead in southern Grand Forks County, damaging a large well constructed equipment shed. The tornado traveled over a shelterbelt along the west edge of the property causing considerable damage. Several pieces of farm equipment were moved and flipped. An empty grain bin was removed from its foundation and lofted 300 yards, with much of the bin landing in the northwest corner of the shelterbelt. EPISODE NARRATIVE: As an upper level disturbance lifted into eastern North Dakota, a semi-circle of thunderstorms formed around its northern and eastern periphery. As a segment of these storms moved north of Mayville, they produced a brief tornado near Holmes. | |||||||||||
| 25.7 | 1953-05-29 | 2 | 47°09'N / 96°56'W | 47°12'N / 96°52'W | 3.60 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Cass |
| 25.8 | 2010-06-17 | 4 | 47°32'N / 97°18'W | 47°40'N / 97°19'W | 9.00 Miles | 150 Yards | 0 | 1 | 0K | 0K | Traill |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: The tornado tracked northward for nearly 9 miles to about 12 miles north of Mayville by 405 PM CDT and crossed into Grand Forks County. It then continued for another 8 miles to around 10 miles west of Thompson by 418 PM CDT, for a total track length of nearly 17 miles. Trees in shelterbelts and farmsteads were snapped, uprooted, or sheared off. One well constructed house near Holmes was completely swept from its foundation and destroyed. Peak winds were estimated at 185 mph. A farm shop about five and one-half miles north of Mayville was hit by the tornado, destroying the shop. A man inside survived with cuts on his hand. EPISODE NARRATIVE: Conditions were ripe by the afternoon of the 17th for a major severe weather outbreak. A surface low had moved into east central North Dakota with an occluded front extending to the southeast. Warm and humid air was in place ahead of the front, with a much drier airmass pushing in behind it. The 500mb low was located over northwest North Dakota with a nice southwest to northeast upper jet pushing into eastern North Dakota. Two lines of convection formed by late afternoon, one from Roseau County down toward Eastern Otter Tail County and the other over east central North Dakota. Nearly all the cells that formed took on a classic hook shape with rotation very evident on radar imagery. Multiple tornado warnings were issued before the event wound down by mid evening. The strongest tornadoes were determined to be EF4 tornadoes, two in west central Minnesota and one in northeast North Dakota. | |||||||||||
| 25.9 | 1974-07-20 | 2 | 47°30'N / 97°19'W | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Traill | |||
| 27.5 | 1955-06-30 | 2 | 47°54'N / 97°00'W | 0 | 7 | 25K | 0 | Polk | |||
| 27.7 | 1978-07-05 | 2 | 47°20'N / 96°21'W | 47°27'N / 96°04'W | 15.20 Miles | 400 Yards | 3 | 35 | 25.0M | 0 | Norman |
| 28.7 | 2010-06-17 | 4 | 47°40'N / 97°19'W | 47°46'N / 97°19'W | 8.00 Miles | 150 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0K | Grand Forks |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: This tornado began in Traill County about 3 miles north-northeast of Mayville at 349 PM CDT. The tornado crossed into Grand Forks County and tracked for an additional 8 miles to about 10 miles west of Thompson. The total track length was roughly 17 miles. One well constructed house near Holmes was completely swept from its foundation and destroyed along with several other farm buildings. Peak winds were estimated at 185 mph. EPISODE NARRATIVE: Conditions were ripe by the afternoon of the 17th for a major severe weather outbreak. A surface low had moved into east central North Dakota with an occluded front extending to the southeast. Warm and humid air was in place ahead of the front, with a much drier airmass pushing in behind it. The 500mb low was located over northwest North Dakota with a nice southwest to northeast upper jet pushing into eastern North Dakota. Two lines of convection formed by late afternoon, one from Roseau County down toward Eastern Otter Tail County and the other over east central North Dakota. Nearly all the cells that formed took on a classic hook shape with rotation very evident on radar imagery. Multiple tornado warnings were issued before the event wound down by mid evening. The strongest tornadoes were determined to be EF4 tornadoes, two in west central Minnesota and one in northeast North Dakota. | |||||||||||
| 31.8 | 2010-06-17 | 3 | 47°38'N / 96°10'W | 47°46'N / 96°05'W | 9.00 Miles | 150 Yards | 1 | 2 | 0K | 0K | Polk |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: This tornado began in Polk County and tracked northeastward for nine miles to the Red Lake County line about 5 miles north-northeast of Mentor. After crossing into Red Lake County, it continued for an additional 6 miles. The tornado tracked across Maple Lake and the community of Mentor. Trees were sheared off or uprooted, power poles were snapped, and roofs and garages were destroyed. A convenience store and gas station along U. S. Highway 2 were flattened. Cabins, campers, boats, and docks were damaged along the northeast side of Maple Lake. Peak winds were estimated at 145 mph. EPISODE NARRATIVE: Conditions were ripe by the afternoon of the 17th for a major severe weather outbreak. A surface low had moved into east central North Dakota with an occluded front extending to the southeast. Warm and humid air was in place ahead of the front, with a much drier airmass pushing in behind it. The 500mb low was located over northwest North Dakota with a nice southwest to northeast upper jet pushing into eastern North Dakota. Two lines of convection formed by late afternoon, one from Roseau County down toward Eastern Otter Tail County and the other over east central North Dakota. Nearly all the cells that formed took on a classic hook shape with rotation very evident on radar imagery. Multiple tornado warnings were issued before the event wound down by mid evening. The strongest tornadoes were determined to be EF4 tornadoes, two in west central Minnesota and one in northeast North Dakota. | |||||||||||
| 32.3 | 1952-07-09 | 2 | 47°55'N / 97°10'W | 0 | 0 | 3K | 0 | Grand Forks | |||
| 32.4 | 1958-08-11 | 3 | 47°54'N / 97°12'W | 0 | 2 | 25K | 0 | Grand Forks | |||
| 33.3 | 1978-06-26 | 2 | 47°53'N / 96°16'W | 0.10 Mile | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Red Lake | |
| 33.9 | 1977-07-13 | 2 | 48°01'N / 96°37'W | 2.00 Miles | 120 Yards | 0 | 2 | 25K | 0 | Polk | |
| 34.0 | 1980-07-11 | 2 | 47°56'N / 96°23'W | 47°57'N / 96°19'W | 2.30 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Red Lake |
| 34.3 | 1978-07-05 | 2 | 47°27'N / 96°04'W | 47°30'N / 96°00'W | 3.80 Miles | 400 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0 | Mahnomen |
| 37.1 | 2010-06-17 | 3 | 47°46'N / 96°05'W | 47°51'N / 96°04'W | 6.00 Miles | 150 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0K | Red Lake |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: This tornado began in Polk County, about 4 miles south-southwest of Mentor at 615 PM CDT. The tornado tracked into Red Lake County and continued an additional 6 miles to roughly 4 miles east-northeast of Terrebonne. The tornado sheared trees and blew down farm buildings near the Polk County line and lofted debris from Mentor well past the community of Plummer. The total track length was about 15 miles and peak winds were estimated at 145 mph. EPISODE NARRATIVE: Conditions were ripe by the afternoon of the 17th for a major severe weather outbreak. A surface low had moved into east central North Dakota with an occluded front extending to the southeast. Warm and humid air was in place ahead of the front, with a much drier airmass pushing in behind it. The 500mb low was located over northwest North Dakota with a nice southwest to northeast upper jet pushing into eastern North Dakota. Two lines of convection formed by late afternoon, one from Roseau County down toward Eastern Otter Tail County and the other over east central North Dakota. Nearly all the cells that formed took on a classic hook shape with rotation very evident on radar imagery. Multiple tornado warnings were issued before the event wound down by mid evening. The strongest tornadoes were determined to be EF4 tornadoes, two in west central Minnesota and one in northeast North Dakota. | |||||||||||
| 37.2 | 1980-07-11 | 2 | 47°57'N / 96°19'W | 47°58'N / 96°13'W | 3.80 Miles | 33 Yards | 0 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Pennington |
| 39.2 | 2010-06-17 | 2 | 47°54'N / 97°18'W | 48°01'N / 97°21'W | 7.00 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0K | Grand Forks |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: The tornado tracked northward intermittently for about 7 miles. A pole barn and several farm outbuildings were destroyed. Large trees were snapped or uprooted. Debris was thrown near Emerado and just east of the Grand Forks Air Force Base. Peak winds were estimated at 120 mph. EPISODE NARRATIVE: Conditions were ripe by the afternoon of the 17th for a major severe weather outbreak. A surface low had moved into east central North Dakota with an occluded front extending to the southeast. Warm and humid air was in place ahead of the front, with a much drier airmass pushing in behind it. The 500mb low was located over northwest North Dakota with a nice southwest to northeast upper jet pushing into eastern North Dakota. Two lines of convection formed by late afternoon, one from Roseau County down toward Eastern Otter Tail County and the other over east central North Dakota. Nearly all the cells that formed took on a classic hook shape with rotation very evident on radar imagery. Multiple tornado warnings were issued before the event wound down by mid evening. The strongest tornadoes were determined to be EF4 tornadoes, two in west central Minnesota and one in northeast North Dakota. | |||||||||||
| 39.3 | 2007-08-26 | 4 | 47°43'N / 97°36'W | 47°44'N / 97°31'W | 5.00 Miles | 1400 Yards | 1 | 18 | 50.0M | 2.0M | Grand Forks |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: The tornado touched down about 2 miles west-southwest of Northwood. The tornado crossed the Goose River about a mile west-southwest of the Northwood airport and left a 200 yard wide stretch of downed trees in its wake. By the time it hit the airport, the ground track was one-third of a mile wide and growing wider. At this point the tornado was still visible outside the increasingly heavy rain. The tornado reached an incredible width of eight-tenths of a mile as it pushed through Northwood to the east-northeast. At this point it had multiple vortices embedded in the overall wedge shaped tornado. The strongest of these vortices appears to have scoured the ground and left broad circulation patterns of debris in the overall damage and debris field. Around this time the tornado likely became wrapped in heavy rain and would have been difficult to observe from a distance. The most extreme damage appeared to be in the northeast corner of the community. Northwood, in southwest Grand Forks County, had a population of about 1000 people. 90 percent of the roughly 460 homes were damaged. One death occurred in a mobile home, with 18 other injuries reported. The death occurred in a trailer park on the north edge of town, where 19 total units were demolished. Just to the east of the trailer park, in the area that sustained the extreme damage, three businesses were hit particularly hard. An agricultural company, the towns largest employer, had its buildings heavily damaged. A nearby construction company lost two large steel buildings and other equipment. Steel beams from the two steel buildings were twisted and tossed nearby. Finally, a car dealership lost 15 to 20 vehicles from its parking lot along highway 15. Many of these vehicles were damaged beyond recognition and tossed into nearby fields. One corn field to the north of highway 15 (across from the 3 businesses on the northeast side of town) had it stalks snapped off several inches from the root bases, with pieces of husked corn laying around. Hangers and airplanes were also damaged at the airport. The local health center, school, supermarket, and grain elevator were damaged. Near the elevator, several rail cars were knocked off the tracks. Hundreds of trees were snapped, uprooted, or damaged. Power was also knocked out to many customers, but eventually was turned off (for safety reasons) to the entire town. A total of about 2600 truckloads of debris were hauled to the town landfill. In the days following the tornado, a Presidential Disaster Declaration was granted. EPISODE NARRATIVE: A cold front moved across North Dakota on the 26th, with a hot and humid airmass in place ahead of the front. At 6 pm CST, a surface low was located over southern Manitoba (Canada), just north of Pembina, ND. The cold front stretched to the southwest, back toward Devils Lake (ND) and Bismarck (ND). Ahead of the cold front, temperatures ranged in the low to mid 80s with dew points around 70F. Behind the front, temperatures did not cool significantly, but dew points dropped to the mid 40s. Thunderstorms began to form along and ahead of the cold front by early evening (from northeast ND into south central ND), eventually crossing into northwest Minnesota several hours later. Eight distinct tornadoes occurred over northeast North Dakota and northwest Minnesota during this event. | |||||||||||
| 40.3 | 2004-07-18 | 2 | 47°41'N / 97°36'W | 47°41'N / 97°36'W | 3.00 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Steele |
| Brief Description: The tornado tore the roof off a barn and impaled a tree branch in the wooden door of a granary. Many trees were damaged and a high voltage power tower was knocked over. The tornado tracked mainly along the Goose River (about 4 miles west of Hatton) to about 4 miles south-southwest of Hatton. | |||||||||||
| 40.4 | 1983-08-25 | 2 | 48°00'N / 96°14'W | 1.30 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0 | Pennington | |
| 40.8 | 2010-06-17 | 2 | 47°21'N / 97°37'W | 47°21'N / 97°34'W | 3.00 Miles | 75 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0K | Steele |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: The tornado tracked northeastward for nearly 3 miles to around 8 miles east-northeast of Hope. Numerous trees were severely damaged in shelterbelts. An abandoned farmhouse was collapsed and other farm buildings were damaged. Peak winds were estimated at 125 mph. EPISODE NARRATIVE: Conditions were ripe by the afternoon of the 17th for a major severe weather outbreak. A surface low had moved into east central North Dakota with an occluded front extending to the southeast. Warm and humid air was in place ahead of the front, with a much drier airmass pushing in behind it. The 500mb low was located over northwest North Dakota with a nice southwest to northeast upper jet pushing into eastern North Dakota. Two lines of convection formed by late afternoon, one from Roseau County down toward Eastern Otter Tail County and the other over east central North Dakota. Nearly all the cells that formed took on a classic hook shape with rotation very evident on radar imagery. Multiple tornado warnings were issued before the event wound down by mid evening. The strongest tornadoes were determined to be EF4 tornadoes, two in west central Minnesota and one in northeast North Dakota. | |||||||||||
| 41.0 | 1956-08-30 | 3 | 46°54'N / 96°48'W | 46°59'N / 96°47'W | 5.10 Miles | 60 Yards | 0 | 8 | 250K | 0 | Cass |
| 42.0 | 1977-07-13 | 2 | 48°06'N / 97°06'W | 1.00 Mile | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Polk | |
| 43.2 | 1955-06-30 | 2 | 48°05'N / 97°10'W | 48°08'N / 97°06'W | 4.10 Miles | 77 Yards | 0 | 0 | 3K | 0 | Grand Forks |
| 43.3 | 1975-06-28 | 4 | 46°52'N / 96°44'W | 46°57'N / 96°41'W | 5.40 Miles | 1320 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Clay |
| 44.3 | 1965-05-05 | 2 | 46°53'N / 97°19'W | 47°00'N / 96°56'W | 19.60 Miles | 83 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Cass |
| 45.3 | 1975-06-28 | 3 | 46°52'N / 96°35'W | 46°55'N / 96°34'W | 2.30 Miles | 1760 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Clay |
| 45.3 | 1960-07-10 | 2 | 47°00'N / 97°12'W | 46°54'N / 97°12'W | 6.90 Miles | 33 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0 | Cass |
| 46.5 | 1957-06-20 | 5 | 46°54'N / 97°21'W | 46°53'N / 96°46'W | 27.40 Miles | 500 Yards | 10 | 103 | 25.0M | 0 | Cass |
| 46.6 | 1960-05-31 | 2 | 46°52'N / 96°54'W | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0 | Cass | |||
| 47.1 | 1996-06-05 | 2 | 46°58'N / 96°13'W | 46°58'N / 96°12'W | 5.00 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 50K | Clay |
| Brief Description: Extensive damage to farm. | |||||||||||
| 47.2 | 1957-06-20 | 5 | 46°53'N / 96°46'W | 46°52'N / 96°14'W | 25.00 Miles | 400 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Clay |
| 48.2 | 1999-07-14 | 2 | 48°12'N / 97°08'W | 48°11'N / 97°06'W | 2.00 Miles | 150 Yards | 0 | 0 | 100K | 0 | Marshall |
| Brief Description: The tornado lifted the roof off a warehouse, depositing it nearly 2 miles away to the southeast. A 6-ton truck was also pushed nearly 150 yards. | |||||||||||
| 48.4 | 1959-06-10 | 2 | 46°54'N / 97°12'W | 0 | 0 | 3K | 0 | Cass | |||
* The information on this page is based on the global volcano database, the U.S. earthquake database of 1638-1985, and the U.S. Tornado and Weather Extremes database of 1950-2010.